2020考研英語秘籍：語法精煉之關(guān)系代詞

　　摘要：語法的重要性幫幫已經(jīng)說過很多次了，沒有語法基礎(chǔ)光靠背單詞是不可能讀懂長難句，也無法在閱讀上取得高分的。為了方便大家記憶，幫幫整理了考研英語語法精煉，希望可以幫助大家更方便的學習英語~

　　?指人的關(guān)系代詞：who, whom, whose, that 的用法：

　　(1) 作主語(who, that )

　　Those who are going to play in the match are to meet at the gate at 1:30 after lunch.

　　那些參加比賽的人午飯后1：30在大門口集合。

　　在本句中，先行詞是those;關(guān)系代詞who引導定語從句，同時代替先行詞在從句中擔任動詞are going to play 的主語。

　　The man who/that is talking with Mr. Wang is a famous doctor.

　　正在和王先生說話的那個人是一個有名的醫(yī)生。

　　在本句中，先行詞是the man;關(guān)系代詞who/that引導定語從句，同時代替先行詞在從句中擔任動詞is talking的主語。

　　這個復合句可以還原成兩個句子：The man is a famous doctor. He is talking with Mr. Wang.

　　(2) 作賓語包括作介詞賓語(whom, that )。此種情況下的關(guān)系代詞可以省略;

　　This is just the man (whom/that) I want for the job.這正是我要的做這份工作的人。

　　在本句中，先行詞是the man；關(guān)系代詞whom/that引導定語從句，同時代替先行詞在從句中擔任動詞want 的賓語。

　　Is he the manager (whom/that) you are looking for?

　　他是你在找的那位經(jīng)理嗎?

　　(3) 當關(guān)系代詞緊跟介詞作介詞賓語時，不能用that，也不能省略，

　　如：The book from which I got a lot of useful information was written by a famous scientist.

　　我從中得到許多有用信息的那本書是一位著名科學家寫的。

　　Who is the boy with whom you were talking a moment ago.

　　你剛才和他說話的那個男孩是誰?

　　I know the young couple from whose house the music is coming.

　　?指物的關(guān)系代詞which和that的用法：

　　1. 作主語

　　This is the instruction manual which/that tells you how to operate the computer.

　　這是那本教你如何操作計算機的說明手冊。

　　2. 作賓語包括作介詞賓館。此種情況下的關(guān)系代詞可以省略：

　　The chair (which /that) you broke yesterday is now being repaired.

　　你昨天弄壞的那把椅子現(xiàn)在正在修理。

　　The film (which/that) I saw last night was about a soldier who fought in WWII.

　　我昨天晚上看的那部電影是關(guān)于一個在二戰(zhàn)中打過仗的士兵的。

　　(本句有兩個定語從句。)

　　This is the bike for which I paid $ 100.

　　這就是我花了100美元買的那輛自行車。

　　The car (which/that) he went in was a black Cadillac.

　　他坐在里面走了的那輛汽車是一輛黑色的卡迪拉克。

　　The accounts of the company, (which/that) I’ve been paying great attention to, are in balance.

　　我一直非常注意的公司賬目，是保持平衡的。

　　3.whose 和of which 指代人或事物，作定語。of which 可用whose 代替;

　　The car whose lights (of which the lights/the lights of which) were all broken was my father’s.

　　那輛所有的燈都破了的汽車是我父親的。

　　例：His house of which the windows (the windows of which /whose windows) were all broken was a depressing sight.

　　他那所有窗戶都壞了的房子真是目不忍睹。

　　That is the book whose cover (of which the cover/the cover of which ) was broken.

　　這就是那本封皮破了的書。

　　4.關(guān)系代詞的格應與它在從句中充當?shù)某煞忠恢隆Ｌ貏e要注意插入語，

　　如：Peter is the one who everybody believes will fail to bring off the contract. Peter 是那個人人都認為不能完成合同的人。(everybody believes 是插入語)

　　At the election I voted for the man whom I believed to be the most suitable.

　　在選舉的時候我投了我認為最合適的那個人的票。

　　5.關(guān)系代詞作從句的主語時，從句的動詞必須和先行詞的人稱和數(shù)一致：

　　例：These are the operating instructions that/which are written in English 。

　　這就是用英文寫成的使用說明。

　　Are you staying at the white house which/that is newly completed and which /that has 15 bedrooms, 3 kitchens and 4 toilets?

　　你是住在那幢剛剛竣工、有15個臥室、3個病房和4個衛(wèi)生間的白色房子里嗎?

　　So far as I know, there are many VIPs who are going to attend the reception.

　　就我所知有很多達官貴人將出席這個招待會。

　　6.非限定性定語從句不用that，只用who(whose, whom)和which代表人和物;

　　例：Her brothers, both of whom work in America, ring her up every week。

　　她的兄弟們——兩個人都在美國工作——每個星期都給她打電話。

　　The buses, most of which were already full, were surrounded by an angry crowd，

　　那些公共汽車——大多已經(jīng)坐滿了人——被一群憤怒的人圍著。

　　That tower block, which cost five million dollars to build, has been empty for five years.

　　那個塔樓空著已經(jīng)5年了。建它花了500萬美元。

　　Cricket, which I know very little about, is a very popular sport in England。

　　板球是英格蘭非常流行的體育活動，我對它知之甚少。

　　The accounts of the company ,which I’ve been paying great attention to, are in balance.

　　公司的賬目是保持平衡的。我一直非常注意這些賬目。

　　7.關(guān)系副詞(=介詞+關(guān)系代詞)：

　　例：I shall never forget the day when (=on which) we first met.

　　我永遠也不會忘記我們第一次見面的那一天。

　　The rain came at a time when (=at which) it was not needed.

　　雨下得不是時候。

　　This is the computer where (=by/on which) he has stolen top-secret documents.

　　這就是他用來盜竊絕密文件的計算機。

　　Here is the place where (=at which) the murder took place.

　　這就是謀殺發(fā)生的地方。

　　He didn’t give any reason why (=for which) I had been fired.

　　他沒給任何解雇我的理由

　　This is the house in which (=where) my parents used to live.

　　這就是我父母以前住過的房子。

　　注意事項：

　　(1)在非正式場合， that有時可用來代替關(guān)系副詞或相當于關(guān)系副詞的“介詞+which”，而且經(jīng)常全部省略，

　　如：In all the years that (=when/during which) I was at collage

　　在我讀大學的那些年里

　　the reason that(=why/for which)he is not happy

　　他不高興的理由

　　The direction(that)(=in which )the heavenly bodies move can’t be changed.

　　天體運行的方向是不可改變的。

　　He is unpopular because people don’t like the offensive way (that)(=in which) he talks.

　　他不受歡迎的原因是他說話的方式讓人討厭。

　　(2)是用關(guān)系代詞還是用關(guān)系副詞：

　　關(guān)系詞(包括關(guān)系代詞和關(guān)系副詞)是學習英語定語從句的關(guān)鍵。用關(guān)系代詞還是用關(guān)系副詞，一要看關(guān)系詞在從句當中作什么成分;二要看關(guān)系詞所代表的是人、物、時間、地點還是原因;三要看所引導的是限定性定語從句還是非限定性定語從句。所以同樣的先行詞會有不同的關(guān)系詞，這是因為關(guān)系詞在從句當中擔當?shù)淖饔貌煌鴽Q定的。

　　如：This is the room where/in which we’ll celebrate the New Year.

　　這是我們將要在里面慶賀新年的房間。(充當?shù)攸c狀語)

　　This is the room(that /which)we’ll celebrate the New Year in.

　　這是我們將要在里面慶賀新年的房間。(充當介詞賓語，可省略。)

　　This is the room which /that will be used for the celebration of the New Year.

　　這是那個將要被用來慶賀新年的房間。(充當主語)

　　This is the room (which/that) we’ll use for the New Year dinner party.

　　這是我們將要用來舉行新年晚宴的房間。(充當賓語，可省略。)

　　The reason (that /which) he had given was not sound enough.

　　他給的理由不夠充分。(充當賓語，可省略)

　　The reason why/for which he had done that was not sound enough.

　　他做那件事的理由不夠充分。(充當原因狀語)

　　This is the house where she lives.這是她住的房子。

　　【比較：This is the house (that/which) she has bought. 這是她買的房子。This is the house that/which I’ve told you is extremely expensive.這就是我和你說過極其昂貴的那幢房子。】

　　I met him in the year when I was first in Xi’an.

　　我剛到西安的那年遇到了他。

　　That is the reason why he did not come that morning.

　　那就是那天上午他沒來的原因。

　　(3)定語從句中的時態(tài)。如果主句是一般將來時或過去將來時，從句的動作與主句的同時發(fā)生，那么該從句要用一般現(xiàn)在時表示一般將來時、用一般過去時表示過去將來時。

　　例：Anyone who/that touches the wire will get an electric shock.

　　任何碰這根電線的人將受到電擊。(不用will touch)

　　I would give her anything that she asked for.

　　她要什么我就給她什么。(不用would ask)

　　The first person who/that opens the door will get a shock.

　　第一個開門的人將被嚇一跳。(不用will open)

　　There will be a special price for anybody who orders a suit in the next two weeks.

　　任何人在下兩周內(nèi)定做套裝都將享受優(yōu)惠價格。(不用will order)

　　但是，如果從句和主句的動作在將來不同的時間發(fā)生，則兩部分都要用來將來時，

　　如：Those who will go abroad for training next year will start learning English tomorrow.

　　那些明年出國受訓的人員，將從明天開始學習外語。

　　注：①先行詞有最高級形容詞修飾時，常用that，而不用which：

　　例：Edison was one of the greatest inventors that ever lived.

　　愛迪生是曾經(jīng)有過的最偉大的發(fā)明家之一。

　　This is the best film that I’ve ever seen.

　　這是我曾經(jīng)看過的最好的電影。

　　She was the greatest woman that/who has ever lived.

　　她是曾經(jīng)有過的最偉大的女人。

　　②先行詞有the same, the very, the first, the last, all, no, the only, much, little, none, any, every等時，常用that, 而不用which：

　　例：He was the first man that we saw in the village.

　　他是我們在那個村子里看到的第一個人。

　　There is little that is interesting.

　　沒什么令人感興趣。

　　I still remember the first time that we met.

　　我仍然記得我們第一次見面的時候。

　　I’ll do anything (that) I can to help you.

　　我將盡一切可能幫助你。

　　Everything that can be done has been done.

　　能做的一切都做了。

　　God bless this ship and all who sail in her.

　　愿上帝保佑此船和所有乘此船航行的人。

　　All that I can say is thank you very much.

　　我能說的是(千言萬語變成一句話)：非常感謝你。

　?、郛斚刃性~既有人又有物時，用that，不用which，

　　如：We were deeply impressed by the workers and their working conditions that we had visited.

　　我們參觀過的工人及他們的工作條件留下了深刻印象。

　　We listened to him talk about the men and books that interested him。

　　我們聽他談論他感興趣的人物和書籍。

　?、茉趕ame和such之后，定語從句用as引導，

　　如：Let’s discuss only such questions as concern us.

　　讓我們只討論與我們有關(guān)的問題。

　　I’ve never heard such stories as he tells.

　　我從來沒聽說過他講的這種故事。

　　I shall be surprised if he does this in the same way as I do.

　　如果他做這件事的方法和我一樣，那就奇怪了。

　　She works in the same office as I do.

　　她和我在同一個辦公室工作。

　　She wears the same kind of clothes as her sister does.

　　她姐妹倆穿同樣的衣服。

　　He’s wearing the same dress as he wore at Mary’s wedding.

　　他穿著與他在Mary的婚禮上穿的一樣的衣服。

　　This is the same watch as I have lost.

　　這塊表和我丟的那塊一樣。

　　I’ve never seen such kind of people as they are.

　　我從來沒見過像他們這樣的人。

　　I’ve never seen such kind people as they are.

　　我從來沒見過象他們這樣厚道的人。

　　I want the same shirt as my friend’s.

　　我要一件跟我朋友一樣的襯衫。

　　Such machines as are used in our workshop are made in china.

　　我們車間使用的這種機器是中國制造的。

　　但是，如果從句和主句的動作在將來不同的時間發(fā)生，則兩部分都要用來將來時，

　　as 引導非限定性定語從句即可放在主句之前，也可放在主句之后，用來修飾整個句子。當as在從句中作主語時，后面常接下列句型。如：as is known, as is said, as is reported as is announced 等。

　　例如：As we all know, Mr. Wang is a good teacher.

　　As is known to all, the earth revolves round the sun.

　　He is tired, as you can see.

　　As I expected, he didn’t believe me.

　　As 引導非限定性定語從句時與which的區(qū)別：當主句和從句語義一致時，用as;反之，用which。

　　如：He made a long speech, as was expected.

　　He made a long speech, which was unexpected.

　　Tom drinks a lot every day, which his wife doesn’t like at all.

　　但是，如果從句和主句的動作在將來不同的時間發(fā)生，則兩部分都要用來將來時，

　　注：⑤在“介詞+關(guān)系代詞”的結(jié)構(gòu)中，也可用復雜介詞，如：by means of (用，依靠)，as a result of (作為結(jié)果)等：

　　例：I have three children, one daughter and two sons, all of whom graduated from the same university .

　　我有三個孩子：一個女兒、兩個兒子，他們都畢業(yè)于同一所大學。

　　The police, in whom I have great confidence, are trying to find out who did it.

　　我對警察有極大的信心，他們正在努力尋找是誰做的這件事。

　　This is the part of the river in which I like to swim.

　　(in which=where)

　　我喜歡在這條河里面游泳，這就是(我喜歡游的)那個地方。

　　The man from whom you bought the house is my uncle.

　　你從他那里買下房子的那個人是我叔叔。

　　This is the desk by means of which he jumped over the wall.

　　這就是他用來跳過墻去的那張桌子。

　　She was running a fever, as a result of which she failed in the exam.

　　她當時正發(fā)燒，所以考試失敗了。

　　He is the man from whose house the picture was stolen.

　　他就是那個家里的畫被偷了的人。

　　注：⑥一個先行詞后面可以跟一個以上的定語從句，這種現(xiàn)象叫雙重關(guān)系從句：

　　例：Here are some words which are often used but which are very confusing.

　　這里有些常用但非?；靵y的詞。

　　He is the only person that I can find who is able to solve the problem.

　　他是我能找到的唯一解決這個問題的人。

　　但是當介詞放在從句末尾時，作為介詞賓語的關(guān)系代詞可以用that 并且可以省略。

　　如上頭兩句可改為：

　　The book (that /which) I got a lot of information from was written by a famous scientist.

　　Who is the boy (that/whom) you were talking with a moment ago?