摘要:考研英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法是將詞匯與文章大意搭連在一起的一座橋梁,掌握了語(yǔ)法,就相當(dāng)于打通了英語(yǔ)學(xué)習(xí)的任督二脈。幫幫為各位考研er整理了考研英語(yǔ)
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摘要:考研英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法是將詞匯與文章大意搭連在一起的一座橋梁,掌握了語(yǔ)法,就相當(dāng)于打通了英語(yǔ)學(xué)習(xí)的任督二脈。幫幫為各位考研er整理了考研英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法中關(guān)于動(dòng)名詞的知識(shí),希望大家能有有所裨益。
動(dòng)名詞是一種非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞,它的形式與現(xiàn)在分詞相同,具有名詞和動(dòng)詞的某些特征,它可以帶賓語(yǔ)、狀語(yǔ)等構(gòu)成動(dòng)名詞短語(yǔ),在句中不能單獨(dú)做謂語(yǔ)。
?動(dòng)名詞的時(shí)態(tài)(Tense)
以動(dòng)詞do為例:
主動(dòng)、被動(dòng) 一般式 doing being done 完成式 having done having been done 從上述可以看出,動(dòng)名詞和現(xiàn)在分詞的時(shí)態(tài)完全相同,而非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞之間的區(qū)別主要是用法上的區(qū)別。動(dòng)名詞和現(xiàn)在分詞形式相同,用法卻大相徑庭,動(dòng)名詞一般式表示的動(dòng)作通常與謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的動(dòng)作幾乎同時(shí)發(fā)生,而動(dòng)名詞的完成式則表示動(dòng)作在謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的動(dòng)作之前已發(fā)生。
例句: Mr. Jankin regretted blaming his secretary for the mistake, for he later discovered it was his own fault.(regretted與blaming所表示動(dòng)作幾乎同時(shí)發(fā)生)
分析: 該句是復(fù)合句。動(dòng)名詞blaming在句中作賓語(yǔ),it was his own fault是discovered的賓語(yǔ)從句。
譯文: 堅(jiān)金先生后悔責(zé)怪秘書(shū)了,因?yàn)樗髞?lái)發(fā)現(xiàn)是自己的過(guò)錯(cuò)。
例句: ——Did you find out who had stolen my watch?
——That child didn't admit having done that.(having done所表示動(dòng)作在動(dòng)詞admit 前已經(jīng)發(fā)生)
分析: 前一分句是一復(fù)合句,who had stolen my watch作find out的賓語(yǔ),后一分句是一簡(jiǎn)單句。
譯文: ——你查出是誰(shuí)把我的手表盜走了嗎?
——那個(gè)孩子不承認(rèn)是他干的。
例句: I appreciated having been given the opportunity to study abroad two years ago.(having been given所表示動(dòng)作在謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞appreciated之前已發(fā)生)
分析: 該句是簡(jiǎn)單句。
譯文: 我很感謝兩年前給我出國(guó)進(jìn)修的機(jī)會(huì)。
?動(dòng)名詞的用法(Usage)
(一)充當(dāng)主語(yǔ)
例句: Knowing what you're good at and doing even more of it creates excellence.
(選自2009年Text 1)
分析: 該句是復(fù)合句,其中主語(yǔ)中what you're good at作knowing的賓語(yǔ)。
譯文: 假如你了解自己在哪方面擅長(zhǎng)并且更多地去實(shí)踐就能創(chuàng)造輝煌。
例句: Doing your homework is a sure way to improve your test scores, and this is especially true when it comes to classroom tests. (1998年第6題)
分析: 該句是復(fù)合句。when引導(dǎo)一時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句。
譯文: 做作業(yè)是提高你考試成績(jī)的有效之策;對(duì)于隨堂測(cè)試,該方法尤為可靠。
(二)充當(dāng)表語(yǔ)
例句: We should always keep in mind that our work is serving the people.
分析: 該句是復(fù)合句,其中that our work is serving the people在句中作keep的賓語(yǔ),短語(yǔ)keep sth. in mind意為“牢記……”。
譯文: 我們應(yīng)切實(shí)牢記我們的工作是為人民服務(wù)。
例句: Reading is learning, but applying is also learning and the more important kind of learning at that.
分析: 該句是并列句。
譯文: 讀書(shū)是學(xué)習(xí),但使用也是學(xué)習(xí),而且是更重要的學(xué)習(xí)。
(三)充當(dāng)賓語(yǔ)
例句: Discussions at home can help kids practice doing these things and help them apply these skills to everyday life situations. (選自2007年P(guān)art B)
分析: 該句是簡(jiǎn)單句。help kids practice...與help them apply...是兩并列謂語(yǔ)。
譯文: 在家中的討論可以幫助孩子練習(xí)這些事情,也可以幫助他們把這些技能應(yīng)用到現(xiàn)實(shí)的生活中去。
例句: In dealing with a challenge on such a scale, it is no exaggeration to say “United we stand, divided we fall”.(2005年第50題)
分析: 該句是簡(jiǎn)單句。其中it是形式主語(yǔ),真正的主語(yǔ)是to say “United we stand, divided we fall”。
譯文: 在應(yīng)對(duì)如此大規(guī)模的挑戰(zhàn)時(shí),我們可以毫不夸張地說(shuō):“聯(lián)合,我們就生存;分裂,我們就滅亡”。
(四)充當(dāng)定語(yǔ)
例句: In the past, he was the only person in the village that could drive walking tractor, which made most of the villagers jealous.
分析: 該句是復(fù)合句。that could drive walking tractor是修飾the only person的定語(yǔ)從句,非限制性定語(yǔ)從句which made most of the villagers jealous修飾的是前面整個(gè)句子。
譯文: 他過(guò)去是村里唯一會(huì)開(kāi)拖拉機(jī)的人,這令大多數(shù)村民羨慕不已。
例句: The workers are busy building a listening room, which will have been finished by the end of this semester.
分析: 該句是復(fù)合句。非限制性定語(yǔ)從句which will have been finished by the end of this semester修飾a listening room。
譯文: 工人們正在修建的語(yǔ)音室將在本學(xué)期末竣工。
?動(dòng)名詞的邏輯主語(yǔ)
動(dòng)名詞的邏輯主語(yǔ),表明動(dòng)名詞動(dòng)作的發(fā)出者。能作動(dòng)名詞邏輯主語(yǔ)的詞類有:物主代詞、名詞所有格(即名詞所加“’s”,復(fù)數(shù)名詞后以“s”結(jié)尾的,在其后加“’”)、名詞通格(主格)或人稱代詞賓格。
例句: Nowhere in nature is aluminum found free, owing to its always being combined with other elements,most commonly with oxygen. (1997年第2題)
分析: 該句是簡(jiǎn)單句。nowhere置于句首引起倒裝,owing to...在句中作狀語(yǔ)。
譯文: 自然界中的任何地方都找不到游離態(tài)的鋁,因?yàn)樗偸桥c其他元素,即最常見(jiàn)的是氧元素結(jié)合在一起。
注意:
(1) 當(dāng)邏輯主語(yǔ)是無(wú)生命名詞或較長(zhǎng)名詞詞組時(shí),通常用名詞通格(即主格)。
例句: Anyone with half an eye on the unemployment figures knew that the assertion about economic recovery being just around the corner was untrue.(1999年第1題)
分析: 該句是復(fù)合句。其中動(dòng)名詞的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)economic recovery being just around the corner在句中作介詞about的賓語(yǔ),economic recovery作動(dòng)名詞being的邏輯主語(yǔ),介詞短語(yǔ)with half an eye on the unemployment figures作定語(yǔ)修飾anyone。
譯文: 任何人只要一看這些失業(yè)數(shù)據(jù)便知關(guān)于經(jīng)濟(jì)復(fù)蘇即將來(lái)臨的言論是不正確的。
例句: I don’t like Jack and Tom speaking ill of each other in public places.
分析: 該句是簡(jiǎn)單句。Jack and Tom作speaking ill的邏輯主語(yǔ)。
譯文: 我不愿聽(tīng)到杰克和湯姆在公眾場(chǎng)合說(shuō)彼此壞話。
(2) 當(dāng)邏輯主語(yǔ)是someone, somebody, none, nobody, anyone, anybody等不定代詞或this,that指示代詞時(shí),通常用名詞通格(即主格)。
例句: Just when I was going to sleep, I was awakened by somebody knocking on the door.
分析: 該句是復(fù)合句。somebody作動(dòng)名詞knocking的邏輯主語(yǔ)。
譯文: 我正要入睡時(shí),有人敲門吵醒了我。
例句: I disapproved of that being said about the teacher, for he has his own good point.
分析: 該句是并列句。指示代詞that作動(dòng)名詞being said的邏輯主語(yǔ)。
譯文: 我不同意對(duì)老師那樣的評(píng)價(jià),因?yàn)樗灿兴膬?yōu)點(diǎn)。
(3) 當(dāng)動(dòng)名詞在句中作主語(yǔ)時(shí),邏輯主語(yǔ)用屬格(即物主代詞或名詞所有格)。
例句: The student’s knowing French well helped him a lot in learning English.
譯文: 掌握法語(yǔ)對(duì)于學(xué)習(xí)英語(yǔ)有很大的幫助。
?動(dòng)名詞的否定形式
動(dòng)名詞的否定形式與分詞否定形式一樣,由動(dòng)名詞前加not構(gòu)成。
例句: She always has dozens of excellent excuses for not being able to help you.
分析: 該句是簡(jiǎn)單句。not being able to help you是動(dòng)名詞的否定形式。
譯文: 對(duì)于未能幫助你,她總是有太多借口。
例句: She is considering not asking her mother to send her to the airport.
分析: 該句是簡(jiǎn)單句。not asking...作considering的賓語(yǔ)。
譯文: 她正在考慮不讓母親送她去機(jī)場(chǎng)。
?常接動(dòng)名詞作賓語(yǔ)的動(dòng)詞及動(dòng)詞短語(yǔ)
常見(jiàn)動(dòng)詞:
admit, advise, avoid, appreciate, acknowledge, allow, anticipate, consider, complete, contemplate(預(yù)期、企圖),defer, delay, deny, detest(厭惡), dread, dislike, enjoy, escape, excuse, endure, fancy, favor, finish, forgive, facilitate(促進(jìn)), imagine, include, miss, mind, mention, permit, postpone, practice, prevent, propose, quit, recall, resent(怨恨), resist, risk, suggest, understand
動(dòng)詞短語(yǔ):
can’t help, give up, leave off(停止), look forward to, object to, put off, succeed in, aim at, insist on, persist in, stick to, be good at, do well in, depend on, feel like, be tired(afraid/capable) of, accustomed to, agree to, confess to(承認(rèn)), submit to, see to, be(get/become) used to, devote oneself to, prefer...to, adapt(adjust) to, apply to
例句: Some bosses dislike allowing people to share their responsibilities; they keep all important matters tightly in their own hands. (1996年第13題)
分析: 該句是并列句。其中短語(yǔ)keep sth. in hand意為“把……控制在手中”。
譯文: 有些老板不喜歡讓別人分擔(dān)其職責(zé),他們嚴(yán)格控制著所有的重要事務(wù)。
例句: When I consider how talented he is as a painter,I cannot help believing that the public will appreciate his gift.
分析: 該句是復(fù)合句。how talented he is as a painter與that the public will appreciate his gift 在句中分別作consider以及believing的賓語(yǔ)。
譯文: 當(dāng)我考慮到他作為一個(gè)畫(huà)家所具有的杰出才能時(shí),我禁不住相信公眾也會(huì)贊賞他的天賦。
?動(dòng)詞need等后接的動(dòng)名詞
動(dòng)詞need, want, require, deserve, worth, like(想要), bear后接動(dòng)名詞主動(dòng)式表示被動(dòng)概念,除bear外,這些動(dòng)詞也可接不定式的被動(dòng)式。
例句: Whoever formulated the theory of the origin of the universe, it is just hypothetical and needs proving(to be proved). (2001年第29題)
分析: 該句是復(fù)合句。其中whoever表示“無(wú)論是誰(shuí)”,引導(dǎo)讓步狀語(yǔ)從句。
譯文: 無(wú)論宇宙起源理論的創(chuàng)立者是誰(shuí),那都是假說(shuō),尚待考證。
例句: As your instructor advised, you ought to spend your time on something worth researching into(to be researched into).
分析: 該句是復(fù)合句。worth researching into作后置定語(yǔ)修飾something。
譯文: 正如你導(dǎo)師所建議的,你應(yīng)該把時(shí)間花在值得研究的問(wèn)題上。
?動(dòng)名詞的基本句型
1. feel like+動(dòng)詞ing(想要做……)
例句: Do you feel like telling me what happened to our teacher yesterday?
分析: 該句是復(fù)合句,what happened to...在句中作telling的賓語(yǔ)。
2. can’t help+動(dòng)詞ing(禁不住,忍不住……)
例句: Catching sight of Kate and Janie, we all can’t help shouting loudly.
分析: 該句是簡(jiǎn)單句。分詞短語(yǔ)Catching sight of Kate and Janie在句中作狀語(yǔ)表示時(shí)間或原因。
譯文: 看到凱特和吉尼亞,我們都忍不住大聲叫了起來(lái)。
例句: Since our chief business with them is to enable them to share in a common life, we cannot help considering whether or not we are forming the powers which will secure this ability. (2009年第49題)
分析: 該句是復(fù)合句。其中句子主干是we cannot help considering...。whether or not...this ability作considering的賓語(yǔ),since引導(dǎo)一個(gè)原因狀語(yǔ)從句,可譯為“既然”,which will secure this ability是一個(gè)修飾the powers的定語(yǔ)從句。
譯文: 既然我們的主要職責(zé)是使他們分享日常生活里的一切,那么我們就不得不考慮自己是否在形成讓他們獲得這種能力的力量。
3. on+動(dòng)詞ing(一……就)
例句: On hearing the bad news that his father died last night because of cancer, he could not help crying.
分析: 該句是復(fù)合句。that his father died last night because of cancer作news的同位語(yǔ)。
譯文: 得知父親因癌癥在昨晚不幸去世的噩耗,他禁不住號(hào)啕大哭。
4. It is no use+動(dòng)詞ing(no use也可用no good, useless,a waste of time, worthless, dangerous, a great pleasure, a bore, worthwhile, pointless, expensive等來(lái)替換)以及There is no +動(dòng)詞ing(不可能)
例句: It is good playing chess with roommates after supper in the dormitory.
分析: 該句是簡(jiǎn)單句。
譯文: 晚飯后在宿舍和舍友下棋真好。
例句: There is no telling for me what he is going to do after graduation.
分析: 該句是復(fù)合句。what he is going to do after graduation在句中作telling的賓語(yǔ)。
譯文: 對(duì)我來(lái)說(shuō),說(shuō)出他畢業(yè)后將要去干什么是不可能的。
5. go+動(dòng)詞ing(表示游戲或運(yùn)動(dòng))
例句: His father frequently goes hunting with his old fellows in the forest after his retirement.
分析: 該句是簡(jiǎn)單句。
譯文: 父親在退休后經(jīng)常和他的老伙計(jì)到林中狩獵。
(實(shí)習(xí)小編:玉琳)
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